Daily Active Users (DAU)¶

Definition¶

Daily Active Users (DAU) measures the total number of unique users who engage with a product, app, or website on a given day. Engagement criteria may vary by product, such as logging in, completing a transaction, or performing a specific action.

Description¶

Daily Active Users (DAU) is a core product engagement metric that tracks how many unique users interact with your product on a daily basis. It's one of the clearest signals of stickiness, frequency of value, and user habit formation.

The relevance and interpretation of this metric shift depending on the model or product:

In SaaS or PLG, DAU highlights workflow dependency and core feature use
In consumer apps, it reflects entertainment or utility habit
In community platforms, it shows member participation and vitality

A growing DAU means users are seeing ongoing value, while a flat or declining trend can point to boredom, friction, or lack of incentive to return. Segment DAU by persona, feature, or acquisition source to uncover what’s driving—and stalling—engagement.

DAU informs:

Strategic decisions, like doubling down on sticky features or adding habit-building UX
Tactical actions, such as in-app nudges, lifecycle emails, or reactivation prompts
Operational improvements, including usage pattern mapping, session timing, or mobile optimization
Cross-functional alignment, by uniting product, UX, and growth around one of the most behavior-driven metrics on the dashboard

Key Drivers¶

These are the main factors that directly impact the metric. Understanding these lets you know what levers you can pull to improve the outcome

Feature Stickiness and Use Case Frequency: Products that serve daily workflows (e.g., messaging, dashboards) naturally support higher DAU.
Notifications and Re-Engagement Triggers: Without nudges, users may forget to log in — especially for non-habitual tools.
Friction to Value Access: If the product is hard to access, slow, or unreliable, daily usage will drop.

Improvement Tactics & Quick Wins¶

Actionable ideas to optimize this KPI, from fast, low-effort wins to strategic initiatives that drive measurable impact.

If DAU is falling, trigger reminders or personalized “here’s what’s new” emails based on user role or behavior.
Add in-app widgets that surface recent activity or unfinished workflows, encouraging daily check-ins.
Run a test introducing browser notifications or Slack integrations for time-sensitive updates.
Refine onboarding to emphasize daily-use features and shortcuts.
Partner with lifecycle marketing to reactivate dormant users with role-specific value messages.

Required Datapoints to calculate the metric
- Unique Users: Number of distinct users who interacted with the product on a specific day.
- Interaction Thresholds: Criteria defining “active,” such as login events, content views, purchases, or message sends.
- Timeframe: Daily snapshots or trends over time to identify patterns and anomalies.
Example to show how the metric is derived

A mobile game app tracks DAU:
- Day 1: 15,000 users
- Day 2: 16,500 users
- Day 3: 14,000 users

Formula¶

Formula

\[ \mathrm{DAU} = \mathrm{Total\ Unique\ Users\ Who\ Engaged\ with\ the\ Product\ on\ a\ Given\ Day} \]

Data Model Definition¶

How this KPI is structured in Cube.js, including its key measures, dimensions, and calculation logic for consistent reporting.

UserInteractions

cube('UserInteractions', {
  sql: `SELECT * FROM user_interactions`,

  measures: {
    dailyActiveUsers: {
      sql: `user_id`,
      type: 'countDistinct',
      title: 'Daily Active Users',
      description: 'Number of unique users who engaged with the product on a given day.'
    }
  },

  dimensions: {
    id: {
      sql: `id`,
      type: 'string',
      primaryKey: true
    },

    userId: {
      sql: `user_id`,
      type: 'string',
      title: 'User ID',
      description: 'Unique identifier for each user.'
    },

    interactionType: {
      sql: `interaction_type`,
      type: 'string',
      title: 'Interaction Type',
      description: 'Type of interaction that qualifies as active engagement.'
    },

    interactionTime: {
      sql: `interaction_time`,
      type: 'time',
      title: 'Interaction Time',
      description: 'Timestamp of the user interaction.'
    }
  },

  preAggregations: {
    dailyActiveUsersRollup: {
      type: 'rollup',
      measureReferences: [dailyActiveUsers],
      timeDimensionReference: interactionTime,
      granularity: 'day'
    }
  }
});

Note: This is a reference implementation and should be used as a starting point. You’ll need to adapt it to match your own data model and schema

Positive & Negative Influences¶

Negative influences

Factors that drive the metric in an undesirable direction, often signaling risk or decline.
- Friction to Value Access: If users encounter difficulties accessing the product due to slow performance or complex navigation, Daily Active Users will likely decrease as users become frustrated.
- Technical Issues and Downtime: Frequent technical issues or downtime can deter users from returning, negatively impacting Daily Active Users.
- Lack of Personalization: A lack of personalized experiences can make the product less engaging, leading to a decrease in Daily Active Users as users seek more tailored alternatives.
- High Learning Curve: A steep learning curve can discourage new users from becoming regular users, reducing Daily Active Users.
- Inadequate Customer Support: Poor customer support can lead to unresolved issues, causing users to abandon the product and decreasing Daily Active Users.
Positive influences

Factors that push the metric in a favorable direction, supporting growth or improvement.
- Feature Stickiness and Use Case Frequency: Products that integrate into daily workflows, such as messaging apps or dashboards, naturally encourage higher Daily Active Users as they become essential tools for users.
- Notifications and Re-Engagement Triggers: Effective use of notifications and re-engagement strategies can remind users to return to the app, increasing Daily Active Users by keeping the product top-of-mind.
- User Experience and Interface Design: A seamless and intuitive user interface can enhance user satisfaction and encourage frequent use, thereby increasing Daily Active Users.
- Social Features and Community Engagement: Incorporating social features that encourage community interaction can drive users to engage more frequently, boosting Daily Active Users.
- Content Freshness and Updates: Regularly updating content or features can keep users interested and engaged, leading to an increase in Daily Active Users.

Involved Roles & Activities¶

Involved Roles

These roles are typically responsible for implementing or monitoring this KPI:

Data & Analytics
Marketing
Product Management (PM)
Product Marketing (PMM)
Activities

Common initiatives or actions associated with this KPI:

Product Adoption and Use
Community Building
Usage Habit Formation

Funnel Stage & Type¶

AAARRR Funnel Stage

This KPI is associated with the following stages in the AAARRR (Pirate Metrics) funnel:

Activation
Type

This KPI is classified as a Lagging Indicator. It reflects the results of past actions or behaviors and is used to validate performance or assess the impact of previous strategies.

Supporting Leading & Lagging Metrics¶

Leading

These leading indicators influence this KPI and act as early signals that forecast future changes in this KPI.
- Monthly Active Users: Monthly Active Users (MAU) provides a broader time-frame view of overall user engagement, complementing DAU. Increases or drops in MAU often prelude similar trends in DAU, helping to contextualize daily fluctuations within longer-term usage patterns and supporting multi-signal early warning for engagement health.
- WAU/MAU Ratio: The WAU/MAU Ratio indicates the proportion of monthly users who are engaged on a weekly basis, providing insight into user stickiness and frequency. High or rising WAU/MAU ratios often forecast improved DAU, strengthening early detection of engagement shifts.
- Stickiness Ratio: Stickiness Ratio (DAU/MAU) directly measures how often monthly users engage daily. Changes in stickiness signal shifts in habitual usage, often predicting trends in DAU and reinforcing a multi-dimensional early warning system.
- Unique Visitors: Unique Visitors quantifies the influx of new or returning users exposed to the product each day. Growth in unique visitors typically leads to higher DAU, offering an upstream signal and context for daily active trends.
- Activation Rate: Activation Rate measures the share of users who reach a meaningful engagement milestone. Improvements in activation rate signal that more users are progressing towards becoming daily actives, often foreshadowing DAU growth.
Lagging

These lagging indicators confirm, quantify, or amplify this KPI and help explain the broader business impact on this KPI after the fact.
- Churn Risk Score: Churn Risk Score quantifies the probability of user drop-off or account churn, providing feedback on DAU quality and retention. High risk scores may prompt refinement of DAU-driven leading indicators to improve forecasting and retention strategy.
- Customer Engagement Score: Customer Engagement Score aggregates post-hoc engagement data and can reveal retention or burn-out trends not immediately visible in DAU. These insights can recalibrate how DAU is interpreted as a leading signal.
- Activation Cohort Retention Rate (Day 7/30): This retention metric shows how well users who became active stay engaged over time. Patterns here can inform adjustments to DAU-based early warning systems, refining which DAU trends are most predictive of long-term engagement.
- Customer Feedback Retention Score: Measures whether users who provide feedback stay engaged, offering insight into the DAU cohort's loyalty and satisfaction. This lagging feedback can be used to recalibrate DAU-based forecasts of sustained engagement.
- Engaged Unique Visitors: Tracks the number of distinct users meeting higher engagement thresholds. Patterns here provide reality checks on DAU quality, helping refine DAU as an early indicator for deeper engagement and value realization.